Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. Manganese (Mn) is a grayish-white metal with an average melting temperature is relatively high, and the specific weight (7.2 to 7.4). The element in found as the free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. Thi is an important element in the metal-metal alloy, as industrial metal alloy. In steel, manganese improves the quality of the tread and the forge, resistance, hardness, stiffness, abrasion resistance, hardness and hardenability. Manganese ions in different colors and are used in industry as pigments and the oxidation of chemicals. Manganese (II)-ions as a specific enzyme cofactor, for all the trace elements known to live organisms.Manganese done primarily from the mineral ore pyrolusite (MnO₂) produces braunite, (Mn₂ + Mn₃ +6 SiO₁₂) psilomelane (Ba (Mn^{2 +}) (Mn^{4 +}) 8O16 (OH) 4) and to a lesser extent as rhodochrosite (MnCO₃). The metal oxide by reduction of sodium, magnesium, aluminum or by electrolysis. The land resource is abundant, but unevenly distributed. More than 80% of the world's known manganese in South Africa and Ukraine. Further manganese deposits in China, Australia, Brazil, Gabon, India, Mexico and Indonesia.

The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the bottom of the oceans can be a source of manganese. These nodes contain about 24% manganese and many others, much less.

Manganese is used in the manufacture of iron and steel industry as a result of sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing and properties of the alloy elements. Steel, including the manufacture of steel components, the largest demand for manganese, which is currently in the order of 85% to 90% of total demand. Besides many other applications, manganese is an important part of low-cost carrier in stainless steel and aluminum alloy formulations.

Manganese ferromagnetic metals for special treatment. Pure metal exists in four allogeneic tropic forms. Alpha is at normal temperature, gamma emitters manganese, which changes the alpha to the normal temperature, it is said that the flexible, flexible, easily cut and capable of being bent.

Carbon dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry batteries, to "decolorize" which is made of green glass from impurities of iron. Manganese colors himself a glass of amethyst, and is responsible for the color of amethyst apply. Carbon dioxide is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine, and drying of the color black. Permanganate is an oxidant in the quantitative analysis and in medicine.

Traces of manganese are important for good health. It makes the bones, but also be flexible and support the body, vitamin B1. It is also an important activator of the body to use enzymes. As little 0.00002% Mn in the human body is very important. Studies have shown that the lack of manganese leads to infertility in animals.

Manganese (Mn) is responsible for the manufacture of iron and steel industry as a result of sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing and properties of the alloy elements. Steel, including the manufacture of steel line, for most domestic manganese demand, which is currently in the order of 85% to 90% of the total. Ferro-manganese alloys, various grades of iron and manganese crusts Siliciummangan for the main ingredients for the manufacture of steel. Construction products, machinery and transportation end uses of manganese. Manganese is an essential part of a series of aluminum alloys in the form of oxides, dry batteries. If the ore, other quantities of manganese are used as vegetables nonmetallurgical fertilizer, feed, and colorants for brick.

Manganese in combination with other elements in the crust. The main minerals are mainly carbon dioxide mineral manganese ore (MnO₂) in the form of pyrolusite, romanechite and wad. Manganese is important for the growth of plants and is in the reduction of nitrate in plants and algae. It is an essential trace element for animals, which he participated in numerous enzyme actions. The lack of manganese to testicular atrophy. An excess of this element in plants and animals is toxic.

More than 95 percent of the manganese produced is used in the form of ferromanganese and silicomanganese alloys for iron and steel manufacture. Manganese ores containing iron oxides are first reduced in blast furnaces or electric furnaces with carbon to yield ferromanganese, which in turn is used in steelmaking. Adding manganese, which has a greater affinity for sulfur than does iron, converts the low-melting iron sulfide in steel to high-melting manganese sulfide. Pure manganese produced electrolytically is used mostly in the preparation of nonferrous alloys of copper, aluminum, magnesium, and nickel and in the production of high-purity chemicals. Practically all commercial alloys of aluminum and magnesium contain manganese to improve corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.

The principal industrial compounds of manganese include several oxides. Manganous oxide, or manganese monoxide, MnO, is used as a starting material for the production of manganous salts, as an additive in fertilizers, and as a reagent in textile printing. It occurs in nature as the green mineral manganosite. It also can be prepared commercially by heating manganese carbonate in the absence of air or by passing hydrogen or carbon monoxide over manganese dioxide.

Total world production of manganese alloys reached 11.8 million metric tons, up by 14% from 2005. As in past years, manganese alloy production was dominated by China, producing approximately 42% (4.9 million mt). All other regions of the world showed marked increases in production except Japan and the Americas, which saw decreases of 15% and 18% respectively.

Chinese measures to control production and consolidate the industry continued with the the implementation of a 10% export tax on manganese alloys. They have also applied strict licensing regulations, having approved roughly 200 ferroalloy producers. Non-approved producers will face higher energy prices, through the use of a discriminatory energy tarriff. These measures are meant to reduce overcapacity, with current utilization estimated to be at only 48%.